I.    Belgians find tomb of ancient Egypt courtier
CAIRO (Reuters) - Belgian archaeologists have discovered the intact tomb of an Egyptian courtier who lived about 4,000 years ago, Egypt's culture ministry said on Sunday.
The team from Leuven Catholic University accidentally found the tomb, one of the best 1 preserved of its time, while 2 excavating a later burial site at the Deir al-Barsha necropolis near the Nile Valley town of Minya, south of Cairo.
The tomb belonged to Henu, an estate manager and high-ranking official during the first intermediate period, which 3 lasted from 2181 to 2050 BC and was a time of political chaos in ancient Egypt.
The archaeologists found Henu's mummy wrapped in linen in a large wooden coffin and a sarcophagus decorated with hieroglyphic texts addressed to the gods Anubis and Osiris.
The tomb contained well-preserved 4 painted wooden statuettes of workers making bricks, women making beer and 5 pounding cereal, and a model of a boat with rowers, a ministry statement said.
The statuettes are the best quality of their time. They are characterized by realistic touches and unusual details such as the dirty hands and feet of the brick makers," the statement said, quoting Belgian team leader Harco Willems.

II.    In class today, we are going to talk about three methods used by paleontologists to classify dinosaurs. The first method is called the Linnaean system. It is a hierarchical system that sorts all organisms using 6 nomenclature. The second classification system divides dinosaurs into two orders based on their pelvic structure. The final and most common method is known as cladistics. This classifies organisms by common ancestry, and is based on the branching of the evolutionary family tree.
The Swedish scientist Carolus Linnaeus developed a two-name system for identifying and classifying living things. Organisms are named according to their Genus and Species. The classification system is hierarchical in that organisms are sorted by Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species from most general and inclusive to the most specific. This system can be applied to dinosaurs just as it can to any living species. In 1887, Harry Seeley divided the dinosaurs and named the two groups according to their pelvic, or hip, structure. These two groups are the Saurischian dinosaurs, the “Lizard-Hipped”, and the Ornithischian dinosaurs, the “Bird-Hipped”. One part of the pelvis points downwards and to the front in the Saurischians, while it points downwards and toward the tail in 7 Ornithischians. Saurischians had a hip structure similar to that of lizards and were the ancestors of the birds. They included both vegetarians and meat eating types.

III.     In today’s class we will be discussing the history of insurance, and the commonly held 8 misconception that the famous insurance company Lloyd’s of London was the first to offer it. The first kind of insurance to become available was 9 marine, or shipping insurance. When 10 transoceanic trade became 11 commonplace, ship owners obtained loans from investors to 12 finance their trading 13 expeditions. If a ship was lost, the owners were not responsible for paying back the loans. However, because most of the ships returned safely, the 14 interest paid on the loans by many ship owners covered the risk to the lenders.

IV.     Gaspra is a small, 15 elongated asteroid about 20 km in length, and 13 km across, orbiting the sun with a radius of about 330 million km. Classified as an S-type asteroid, it is composed of silicate minerals and metals, including iron and nickel. When the Galileo spacecraft passed Gaspra at a distance of about 1600 kilometers, it relayed back to earth the first ever relatively close photographs of an asteroid. The pictures provided some surprises which give insight into the formation of the asteroid belt.
The pictures show that there are about 60 craters on Gaspra. Using mathematical formulas which predict the average times between large impacts on Gaspra, scientists have concluded that Gaspra has spent only about 200 million years in its present state. Thus, they believe that it was separated from a larger body, most importantly whether it was a mixture of metal and rock, or separated into distinct layers (like the earth, with its crust and core). Though Gaspra is an S-type asteroid, its surface appears uniform. This 16 homogeneity 17 suggests that the initial body has been separated into layers. Moreover, researchers recorded disturbances in the magnetic solar wind as Galileo approached Gaspra, suggesting that the asteroid is itself 18 magnetized. One of the most popular theories about how Gaspra obtained its magnetism is that when it was part of the larger piece, heat from the decay of radioactive 19 isotopes on this piece created a molten core, which in turn left a magnetic field. This theory also further supports the view that this large body was 20 layered.